Когда нужен пассив
Сравните: Shakespeare wrote Hamlet (подлежащее делает действие — актив) и Hamlet was written by Shakespeare (подлежащее подвергается действию — пассив).
Спросите себя: подлежащее само делает действие? Если нет (дом строят, письмо отправляют, язык изучают) — нужен пассив: be + V3.
Пассив выбирают, когда исполнитель неизвестен, неважен или очевиден: My bike was stolen. Исполнителя вводят предлогом by (by my brother), инструмент — with (cut with a knife).
Проверь себя. Закончите: Bananas ______ in hot countries. (GROW)
Ответ: are grown
Формы пассива
| Время | Формула | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | am / is / are + V3 | The room is cleaned every day. |
| Past Simple | was / were + V3 | The bridge was built in 1900. |
| Future Simple | will be + V3 | The results will be announced tomorrow. |
| Present Perfect | has / have been + V3 | The tickets have been sold. |
| Past Perfect | had been + V3 | The work had been done by six. |
| Present Continuous | am / is / are being + V3 | The road is being repaired. |
| Past Continuous | was / were being + V3 | The car was being washed. |
| Модальный глагол | can / must / should + be + V3 | It must be done today. |
Время пассива «живёт» в глаголе be, а смысловой глагол всегда в 3-й форме. Поставьте be в нужное время — и готово.
Пассив на экзамене
В тексте ОГЭ/ЕГЭ пассив маскируется: дан глагол капсом (BUILD, INVENT, DISCOVER), а подлежащее — предмет или явление.
Пример. The first underground railway ______ in London in 1863. (OPEN)
Железная дорога не открывала сама себя → пассив; in 1863 → Past Simple; подлежащее в ед. ч. → was opened.
Типичные ошибки: 1) забыть be (The castle built in 1200); 2) неправильная V3 (was sang → was sung, was teached → was taught); 3) не согласовать be с подлежащим (The houses was built → were built).
«Я родился» — только пассив: I was born in 2010. Настоящее время тут невозможно.